Environment and Basic Definitions:
Environment includes around us everything. Environment is together formed by both the living and non-living things.
Ecosystem-
Ecosystem is the unit of ecology. All the living (Biotic) organisms and non-living organisms (Abiotic) interact together to form a stable state.
The concept was given by Arthur Stansley
Ecotone -
It is the gap between two communities or two different ecosystems.
Edge effect -
Few species which not occur in A as well as B. Gap between two communities is called Ecotone which is the place where we can observe Edge effect. The effect of two diiferent communities which is seen in the Ecotone areas where they mix up is called Edge effect.
Ecotone is also the place where biodiversity occurs. Biodiversity decreases towards the pole and is mostly found at equator.
Components of Ecosystem-
1. Abiotic components- Energy, wind, soil, air, water, temperature, etc.
2. Biotic components - Humans, animals, plants and microorganisms.
Food chain -
1.Producer - they can make their own food. Example- plant, algae, vegetation, green bacteria, etc.
2. Consumers - They depend on producers for their food.
I. Primary Consumers- They depend on producers for their food. Ex- Insects
II. Secondary Consumers - They depend on producers or consume primary consumers as their food. Ex - Snake, Frog
III. Tertiary Consumers - They completely depend on Primary or secondary consumers for their food. Ex- Eagle
3. Decomposers - They decompose or feed the body of dead animals. Ex- Microorganisms, fungi.
Grazing food chain-
Grass--Grasshopper---Frog----Snake-----Eagle
Plants--- Goat----Wolf---- Lion
Detritus food chain-
Dead plant--- Soil mites--- Insects---- Lizards
Dead organic plant--- Bacteria--- Protozoa--- Rotifers
Food web-
The complex network of interconnected food chains is called Food Web
Bio-accumulation -
As per Lindman's law, Energy levels in food chain increases by 10% with each level. The last species on food chain has all types of energies of of all the species from the start of the food chain. This concept is known as Bio-accumulation.
Bio-magnification -
The harmful elements of one species pass to another species through the food chain, then the harmful components increase in each level of food chain , the last species of food chain will have maximum number of harmful elements within their body. This concept is known as Bio-magnification.
Ex- DDT insecticide
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